Child support contempt in Rhode Island (RI)

If a person violates a Rhode Island Family Court order by not paying child support, the parent with physical custody may file a motion to hold that person in contempt for failure to pay child support.  A person accused of not paying child support has a right to a hearing. The obligor parent has the right to proper notice under the Rhode Island Family Court Rules.

If the person owed child support (the parent with physical placement / custody) is on AFDC Benefits (welfare) than payment may be owed to the state of Rhode Island. In that event, the motion may be initiated by the State of Rhode Island, Child Support Enforcement rather than the father or mother with physical custody of the minor child.

A Child Support contempt proceeding could be part of a Rhode Island divorce, child custody, Complaint for separate Maintenance, dcyf petition, child visitation, paternity or other type of Family Court legal action. If there is a potential for incarceration and a person cannot afford a Rhode Island Family Law lawyer / attorney then the Family Court must insure that the person has an attorney representing him or her. The Judge usually has a list of Court Appointed attorneys who are paid for by the state. Otherwise, the Court will appoint  one of the lawyers from Rhode Island Legal Services to represent the person.

There is often an opportunity to settle the matter prior to any hearing in which a judge may find a person in willful contempt. A settlement typically may include any one of the following or a combination of the following or something different:  the obligor agreeing to remain current, paying a lump sum, a payment plan, staying current in addition to an arrearage order, etc.

In some situations, the parent with physical custody or Child Support enforcement is unwilling to settle the matter and insists on a hearing.

Technical contempt

If a person is found in technical contempt after a hearing, it means that the person has not complied with the child support order. However, the Court believes that the person had a legitimate reason or excuse for failure to pay, such as loss of job (being fired, laid off), decrease in income, disability, injured at work, unable to work, medical problems, or a myriad of other excuses or explanations. The judge also may not accept any of the above stated excuses as justification for failure to pay.

A person found to be in technical contempt will not be sentenced to the Adult Correctional Institution (aci) (jail)! However, the person may be ordered to find employment, raise a lump sum, stay current and / or make payments on the arrearage, pay attorneys fees, make certain lump sum payments, obtain a second job etc.

Most Judges have little patience for people who do not support their children. If the person has an excuse for nonpayment it better be a good one or they may find themselves in Jail. The amount of arrears and the person’s history for compliance or noncompliance is often crucial in a judge’s determination! If a person has a long history of  nonpayment then that person has a much higher likelihood to be held in willful contempt.

The more a person owes the more likelihood that the person will be held in willful contempt.

At a hearing the judge will look at all relevant supporting documentation that has been offered into evidence. The judge will almost always ask what the person can pay at that moment or whether they are able to immediately borrow money from friends or family. The Usual Dialogue is – “how much can you come up with to stay out of Jail and how quickly can you pay?” The RI Family Court judge may also be interested in whether a person has assets that he or she can sell.

If a person’s circumstances change then they need to file a motion to modify or suspend their child support rather then not make the payments! Child support does not automatically modify upon circumstances changing. If a modification is granted then the modification will be retroactive to the date of filing of the motion to modify not the date the circumstances actually changed. This does not mean that a person can unilaterally change their child support when they file a motion. It means that the child support will run retroactive after the Family Court issues an order modifying the child support. Therefore, if a person loses their job, becomes disabled, their hours are reduced or their pay decreases they must immediately file a motion to modify.

Child support can only be changed or modified if a motion is filed and an order enters. In many instances the judge’s response to a person’s plea to not hold them in contempt because they lost their job or their income decreased will be something like: “you should have filed a motion to modify or suspend child support when your circumstances changed rather than not pay.”

 
Willful contempt

A finding of willful contempt means that the judge believes that a person is thumbing their nose at the Court or has no reasonable justification for nonpayment. It could result from the judge not believing that the stated excuse for nonpayment is a justifiable excuse. A finding of willful contempt could also mean the following: 1) the person has the ability to pay and has not made payment 2) the person has not made proper efforts to find suitable employment 3) the person is able to work yet either isn’t working,  is underemployed or not making proper efforts to find employment.

The judge may believe that the contempt is willful because the person is lying, exaggerating his excuse or that the person is not acting in good faith.

If a person is found in willful contempt for not paying Rhode Island child support, the person could be sentenced to the aci from day to day. Contempt sanctions are  technically not criminal proceedings! However, since the sanctions could lead to jail time,  they are quasi criminal proceedings. Contempt proceedings are not  technically criminal because they are intended to compel compliance with child support orders rather then punish for nonpayment!

If a person is sentenced to the aci from day to day, then the judge of the Rhode Island Family court will usually state that upon payment of certain amount the person will be released from jail.  In child support contempt proceedings there is always a ticket out of jail by making a certain payment. A person could be held in willful contempt and not be sentenced to the aci.

Legal Notice per Rules of Professional Responsibility:

The Rhode Island Supreme Court licenses all lawyers in the general practice of law, but does not license or certify any lawyer as an expert or specialist in any field of practice.

In divorce cases where there are children involved the wellbeing of the child always becomes the number one priority.  Arrangements for both residence and contact orders will be made by the court with the welfare of the children being the main factor in their considerations.  Once these are decided child maintenance payments will become the main issue.

The size of child maintenance payments will be decided by the Child Support Agency (CSA).  Child maintenance payments will be based on the size of assets and level of income with the non-custodial parent being the focus of investigations.  The CSA will look at factors including living expenses such as food and utility bills as well some other costs such rent or mortgage payments.  All of these will be deducted from the person’s income to give their ‘accessible income’.  From this accessible income the CSA deems up to half of it to be available for child maintenance payments.

There is no maximum limit set for maintenance payments but there is a minimum.  For people who struggle to meet payments government help in available.  On average the typical maintenance payment amounts to £40 a week.  In situations where there has been a change in circumstances such as redundancy or illness then the CSA may reassess the arrangement.

Not all cases are referred to the CSA and where possible the divorcing couple can make arrangements as part of the divorce process.  However arrangements such of these may only stand for 12 months after which either party can apply for an alteration of the payments and refer the matter to the CSA.

Can the Rhode Island Family Court defer a sale of the marital home for the child/children in a divorce case?

If one of the parties requests a deferred sale of the home in a Rhode Island( RI) divorce, then the court must determine whether or not it is economically feasible for the person who is living in the home to pay the mortgage, liens, taxes and insurance on the home until the home is sold. In making that determination the court will look at the income of the resident parent, any alimony the parent receives, child support and other source of income to make those payments. The intent of this law is to prevent foreclosures, uninsured property, and deterioration of the marital home as a result of a divorce and to protect the parents’ equity in the house. R.I.G.L. 15-5-16

After the  divorce court determines that it is “economically feasible” for the parent to remain in the house with the minor child, the court will consider whether it is in the best interests of the minor child or children to live in the house. The court will use its discretion in making this determination.

In most cases where there are children and the custodial parent can afford the marital home, the court will exercise its discretion and allow the children to remain in the house for a period of time, which may be until the youngest turns 18 years old and graduates from high school.

In the event that the court defers the sale of the house in a divorce, the  Rhode Island Family Court will usually determine the equity in the house. The court will determine the equitable share of the person leaving the marital domicile. In many cases, if the parties cannot agree to the fair market value of the real estate then the parties will need to hire real estate appraisers. The court will hear testimony from the appraisers and determine the fair market value of the home. In some cases the parties agree to use the same real estate appraiser. Please note that in the vast majority of cases, these matters are settled out of court prior to any trial or hearing.

After the period of deferment the house must be sold and the parent who is out of the house will be paid his or her equitable share at that time. The court will usually order a mortgage to protect the person who is owed money for their equitable share. The court may also award interest on the mortgage. If the court orders a deferred sale of the house, it can be modified or terminated at the discretion of the court. If the party living in the house with the children remarries or there is a substantial change of circumstances in the economic status of the person living in the house, then the property may be ordered sold.

In many cases when the custodial parent can afford an increased mortgage payment, the parties will settle with the custodial parent refinancing and buying out the noncustodial parents equitable share of the equity in the house. At that refinance, the non custodial parent receives cash and typically deeds over his/her interest in the house to the custodial parent.



A new California divorce law allows a spouse receiving income from child support to seek an increase in his or her spousal support upon the maturity of the minor child. This law, (Family Code §4326), which is set to terminate on January 1, 2011, considers the loss of child support income incurred by a parent when the child becomes no longer eligible for support, (e.g. reaches the age of 18 or graduates high school) to be a “change in circumstances” substantial enough to justify a request to modify their spousal support.



This new law presents a departure from prior court rulings. In a 1999 case, In re Marriage of Lautsbaugh (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 1131, 85 Cal.Rptr.2d 688, a California Appeals Court reversed a decision granting a wife a $350 increase in her monthly support payments. The wife claimed such an increase was justified because her daughter had graduated from high school, and was no longer eligible for child support.



In reversing the trial court, the Court of Appeals reasoned that the loss of child support payments upon the daughter’s reaching maturity was contemplated by both parties during the initial divorce proceedings and was therefore an expected change. The court went to state that a change previously accounted for, cannot justify an increase in spousal support. In the end, the court held that when the daughter graduated, her father’s child support obligations terminated.



While the rationale of the Court of Appeals makes sense, the new law effectively nullifies Lautsbaugh and seemingly broadens the definition of a “material change” to include previously contemplated events. In addition, the provision interrelates the two types of support, which have been historically separate and should remain that way.



Although this current state of the law does not go so far as to require California family courts to now consider modifying a spouse’s support anytime a change in financial status occurs, it definitely eases the burden of proof. Whether the parent will be required to show that their expenses, and not those of the child, justify a change in support, remains to be seen. Whatever the eventual outcome, Family Code §4326 will likely be a source of much debate in the coming years, especially if it remains in effect after January 2011.







Alimony and child support are important aspects of a divorce case and involve ensuring the financial stability of both spouses and the children. Alimony is designed to limit the unfair economic effects of a divorce by providing continuing income to the non-wage-earning or lower-wage-earning spouse. A court sets the amount of alimony it concludes is fair and reasonable to be paid for a period of time. The amount of alimony that must be paid is usually based on the standard of living established and expected during the marriage, the age and health of the spouses, the obligations and assets of each spouse, the length of the marriage, and a number of other factors that may vary by state. Unlike child support, which is determined according to rigid guidelines, courts have considerable discretion in determining if they will award alimony and, if they do, the amount and time period for which it lasts.

Child support is the ongoing obligation for a periodic payment made directly or indirectly by a non-custodial parent to a custodial parent, caregiver or guardian, or the government, for the care and support of children of a relationship or marriage that has been terminated. Child support may be awarded in joint custody cases when there is a significant discrepancy between the parents’ incomes. Exact conditions for eligibility of child support and guidelines for the calculation of child support vary from state to state, but generally take into consideration the needs of the child, the needs of the custodial parent, the paying parent’s ability to pay, and the standard of living the child was accustomed to before the divorce. If alimony has been awarded, that amount is deducted from the payer’s income and added to the payee’s income when child support is being calculated.

Tip #1: There is no formula for determining alimony. According to divorce lawyer Peter Paras, “Alimony is really more art than science and it, it results from a consideration of a variety of statutory factors. Courts and lawyers have to consider the duration of the marriage, the age of the parties, their incomes, their assets, their liabilities, their lifestyles, their health, whether or not any of their assets generate income. These are all factors that have to be considered in determining whether alimony is to be paid and, if so, whether it’s going to be permanent, rehabilitative, or limited duration alimony and in what amount.”

Tip #2: Child support may continue after the child has reached the age of 18 under certain circumstances. Technically, the non-custodial parent’s obligation continues until the child is emancipated. “Children are emancipated at different times,” explains divorce lawyer Peter Paras. “Typically they’re emancipated when they reach the age of 18 and have graduated from high school, but emancipation is often delayed while a child finishes a higher education, such as four years of college, trade school, or something of that nature. That’s when the obligation technically ends.” Child support may also be extended beyond the age of 18 if the child has special needs. If the child has been declared emancipated by a court prior to reaching the age of 18, is on active military duty, or the parents’ rights and responsibilities have been terminated for any other reason, child support payments may be discontinued.

Tip #3: Understand that there are different types of alimony. Limited duration alimony usually applies to cases in which the marriage is too short to justify permanent alimony. Rehabilitative alimony is designed to provide financial assistance to the more economically dependent spouse while he or she becomes more financially independent by getting job training, building up work history, or furthering education. Permanent alimony is typically paid when there is a long term marriage, but it is important to note that permanent alimony is not always permanent. Divorce attorney Peter Paras explains, “Permanent alimony is somewhat of a misnomer in that it probably would be better termed indefinite alimony. It can end or be modified is circumstances change in the future.” Examples of changes in circumstances that could be grounds for the cessation of permanent alimony include the remarriage of the recipient, the death of the payer, or cohabitation of the recipient with someone of the opposite sex.

Divorce cases involve many different types of issues, including preparing for your divorce, child custody and visitation, and assets and property, all of which will be addressed in this series.

For more divorce advice, refer back to Parts 1 and 2 of this series and look for the upcoming final installment:

Part 1: Divorce Advice: Preparing for Your Divorce
Part 2: Divorce Advice: Child Custody and Child Visitation
Part 4: Divorce Advice: Assets and Property Division

Child custody is one of the most difficult and emotionally charges aspects of a divorce. There are two primary types of custody, physical custody and legal custody.  Physical custody is awarded to parent with whom the child will live a majority of the time.  The custodial parent often shares legal custody of the child with the non-custodial parent. Legal custody refers to the right to make decisions about the child’s education, religion, health care, and other significant concerns. Some parents settle on a joint-custody arrangement, through which the child spends approximately an equal amount of time with both parents. The following tips offer advice about child custody and child visitation, so that you and your soon to be ex-spouse can handle these difficult issues with the least amount of emotional strain on yourselves and your children as possible.

Tip #1: Focus on your child’s or children’s best interests. This may sound overly simple, but divorce lawyer Peter Paras stresses, “In dealing with the issue of custody, it is important to know that it is the children’s best interests that are the central focus of the court’s concern.” Divorce attorney Bonny Reis agrees, stating, “One of the most important [elements of] good parenting is the ability of a parent to subordinate his or her needs to the needs of the child. Once people begin to understand that and stop seeing the child’s needs through the lens of their own feelings, they become much better parents and much better candidates for custody.” It is essential to keep your negativity toward your former spouse from damaging your child’s relationship with him or her, as well as your child’s perceptions of him or her. When it comes to deciding custody arrangements, courts tend to look favorably on parents who are respectful and cooperative during the divorce proceedings.

Tip #2: There are two ways to resolve the issue of child custody. First, the parents can reach a compromise, thereby recognizing that the children are entitled to know both of their parents and structuring the children’s future in a collaborative manner.  Second, in cases where extenuating circumstances make compromise extremely difficult or impossible, a judge will make the custody decision. Peter Paras, an experienced divorce lawyer, points out, “One of the most critical elements in deciding whether or not compromises can be reached or not is how well the parents can communicate and whether the parents have a recognition that the other parent has a right to have a relationship with the children and that the children have a right to have a relationship with both parents.”

Tip #3: Establish a fixed visitation schedule. When a court establishes visitation rights for a noncustodial parent, it usually orders reasonable visitation. In order for the reasonable visitation approach to succeed, both parents must cooperate and communicate frequently. Fixed visitation refers to the establishment of a detailed visitation schedule by the court, including the times and places for visitation with the noncustodial parent. Divorce attorney Bonny Reis favors this approach. “I feel strongly that there has to be a schedule…when you have a schedule as a default, both parents know when they can make time for themselves. To have a schedule shows that the parents respect one another and respect one another’s right to go on with their lives.” Another important beneficial result of fixed schedules is that they provide greater stability for the child. The child will know when to expect spending time with each of his or her parents, leading to healthier, more solid relationships and less tension between family members.

Divorce case involves many different types of issues, including preparing for your divorce, child support, assets and property, and alimony, all of which will be addressed in this series.

For more divorce advice, refer back to Part 1 of this series and look for the upcoming installments:
Part 1: Divorce Advice: Preparing for Your Divorce
Part 3: Divorce Advice: Child Support and Alimony
Part 4: Divorce Advice: Assets and Property Division